Dialogue – Involves more than one
person talking within a scene
Diegetic sound – Any noise
that is made in the scene such as a teacher talking, pupils typing, radio in the background. The characters might be able to hear it but that does not necessarily suggest that the actors themselves are able to hear it
Non-Diegetic sound - Sounds that the character
can not hear for example sound tracks
or a narrator talking
Sound motif – A sound that
becomes associated with a person, thing or programme, every time you hear it
you think about that association
Synchronous Sound – The
visuals seem to move at the same time as the sound, they match the actions taking place. This typically used in music videos and it is used to create impact
Contrapuntal Sound – Sound
that does not match what you can see, it sounds inappropriate and does not fit
the feel of the visual, it may change the feel for example pop music at a funeral would not seem to fit well together or a scary movie could have a nursery rhyme in the background which makes the scene creepier
Voice over – A narrator or
character that talks over the scene, they are not necessarily seen but they are always heard
Soundtrack – Is music that
plays over a scene, it is usually non-diegetic and it is not typically used in TV
dramas and sitcoms
Ambient Sound – Everyday
noises you hear in the background it is used to make the scene more realistic some editors would record natural background
noise to add into the scene to make it more realistic for instance they might go outside to record the sound of birds, wind or if it is set in the class they would record the sound of people typing. Sometimes the sounds are exaggerated for
effect
Sound Perspective – Refers
to the apparent distance of sound, it involves the volume,
frequency and echo, sometimes the positioning the
of the mic is considered greatly to make it more realistic
Mode of address / Direct
address – The narrator or character addresses the audience directly breaking
the forth wall
Sound Bridge – Leads in or
out of a scene, it starts at the beginning of
one scene but the sound from the previous scene is still playing quite briefly
or it could happen the other way round, it could play softly and it can continue
in the next scene
Cutting – This is a transition type used to get rid of unwanted clips.
Cross fade/Dissolve or
mix – this is when 2 scenes move and fade into each other. It can be used to have a better look at a specific object.Most of the time it fits in with the soundtrack playing. when cross fades are used it slows the pace down and creates a mood, it usually gives a mystical and romantic feel. this transition can be used to show a sequence of scenic shots and evem photo montages. The speed can vary and it gives a sense of
passing time or location.
Shot, Reverse Shot – Directors typically use this when filming a conversation to flip between the people talking.
Jump cut – A section of the
clip has been cut out and it seems as though they've jumped forward in time. when a scene seems to have missed a passage of time or shot of later in the day it is known to be a Jump Cut.
Graphic match and Cut
away – cutting between two scenes but the objects in the
scenes look similar to create a graphic match. This is often used in a metaphorical style.
Cut away – The director changes the shot to something or someone else then they go back to the shot sometimes the scene is edited so that you might still be able to hear them although the focus isn't on them at the time. This is sometimes used to cut out unnecessary parts of the scene which drag on.
Parallel
editing/inter cutting – This is commonly used to show two different people doing the same thing at the same time. It can even be used to show people doing the same thing in different moments in time, like contrasting the past and the future, it can be done using using split screen.
A lot of the time the characters may
not know what’s going on on the other side because it is a different scene happening at the same time but the audience can always see both sides to the situation.
Match on action – A cut
that connects more than one different view of the same action
this is done by using a multicamera set up and when it is edited the cameras at different angles pick up where the other camera
left off. this is typically used in fighting sequences so that they can capture the fight from different angles.
Montage – A collection of
scenes to show things that are happening over a period of time, it shows progress in a short amount of time. The longer it takes to fade out the longer the time period seems.
Wipe - It is a dated transition type, this could be done by having an object
move across the screen and the a new scene appears or simply have the next scene wipe out the previous.
Mise en scene explores visual design aspects of a film production there are 6 main focuses which are listed below
This image is from Dubplate Drama Series 2
Character Performance
In this image we see a group of boys stood behind a female and on the other side two males and in the middle there is Tim Westwood (DJ) The female standing behind the mic is Dionne (Shystie) and standing behind her is the 'Fyre Crew' & their self proclaimed CEO D-Brain (Ben Griffiths) the crew consists of Sleazy (Dappy) Big Man (Narstie) and more. In this screenshot there is a clear division which already suggests some form of competition.
The two guys on the other side Bones (Adam Deacon) and his manager Prangers (Ricci Harnett) seem to be intimidated by the people opposite them and this is evident from their body language and the fact that they aren't looking directly at the group in front of them. The Fyre Crew seem to be annoyed which we can see from their facial expression and Tim Westwoods hands are slightly raised as though he is trying to settle an argument. The Fyre Crew don't seem to be intimidated one bit they come across strong and the fact that there's more of them seems to build their confidence, Big Man has his arms over Sleazy's shoulder which suggests protection so they are not shaken up in anyway. Bones and his manager Prangers are distant in this screenshot which suggests to me that they are scared and if anything was to happen they certainly wouldn't be there to protect each other. Bones has a crutch on his arm which shows that he has been in an incident, and seeing as he looks so vulnerable in this scene it gives the impression that he has been beaten up and maybe that is why he doesn't seem interested in the situation because he doesn't want anymore trouble.
The Set
The Set is dark and pretty much empty there is nothing in the background to give a good suggestion as to where they are but because of the decks, the mic and table on set it gives the impression that maybe they're at a pirate radio station or studio.
Costumes
Apart from the manager on the right hand side all the other characters are in hoodies, hats and glasses which suggests a modern time period and gives us the impression that they represent the youth of today. Prangers is seen wearing a shirt which suggests he is older than the rest.
Hair/Make-up
None of the characters have any visible extra make up apart from Bones but it is not evident in this screenshot. Most of them have hats on so their hair cant be seen and those without hats have normal hairstyles that don't suggest a particular time period or special event.
Lighting
The background is dark which gives the impression that the atmosphere is quite tense and maybe quite scary. There's a spotlight shining on Tim Westwood which gives the impression that he is a little superior compared to the rest.
Props
They are standing behind mics and there are a set of decks in front of the DJ which gives the impression they are competing musically or there's some sort of broadcast going on.
Micro Vs Macro Analysis is all to do with analyzing the small specific details within a scene as well as the larger themes present.
When analyzing the Macro aspects you tend to focus on the big things within the scene such as the Genre, Narrative & Representation which could be supported by the Micro aspects which are the smaller details such as the Cinematography, Sound, Editing, Mise-en-scene and Special effects.
This is a scene from my favorite movie '10 Things I Hate About You'
Micro Analysis
Mise-en-scene
Mise-en-scene - The surroundings you can see within the scene. There are 6 different aspects to analyse within the scene such as the lighting, character performance and set.
Character Performance
When analyzing the character performances you focus on what the scene suggests of their character.
Kat Stratford (Julia Stiles) is portrayed as a brave girl in this scene because while her classmates are trying to avoid being picked by turning around expecting others to volunteer to read their poems she was the only one willing to share. As she walks over to read her poem to the class Mr Morgan then says 'Lord here we go' which gives us the impression that she always expresses her opinions regardless of what anyone else might think, whether they agree or not she will not let anyone suppress her opinions. When Kat starts off reading the poem she seems to be quite tough speaking about what she hates about Patrick but then she slowly breaks-down in tears and shows a very emotional side which the class perhaps weren't used to seeing which is evident in their reaction
Patrick Verona (Heath Ledger) seemed to have no interest in what was going on during the lesson until he saw Kat going up to read her poem, he seemed to be very shocked.
At the end of her poem when they cut away to show Patrick he seems to be deep in thought and has quite a guilty look on his face and when the whole class turned around as Kat ran out the classroom he was the only person who did not turn and this again shows a reflection of the guilt he maybe feeling.
Joey Donner (Andrew Keegan) is seen as someone who cares a lot about his looks he seems to be very insecure by the fact he came in wearing glasses to cover up his black eye and it is expressed again when the teacher asked him to take the glasses off, his facial expression tells us he seems to be very annoyed by that and his eyes wander around the room to see if anyone would react.
Mr Morgan (Daryl Mitchell) is seen to be a very comical character and because of that he doesn't comes across as a stereotypical boring English teacher because of the jokes he shares and the fact he laughs at another students expense. Mr Morgan is portrayed as a loud and dominant character within the scene which are characteristics expected from a teacher.
The rest of the class seem to be very laid back and easy going because of the way they're seated, they seem so relaxed and they all diffuse responsibility when Mr Morgan looks for a volunteer by turning around to look at each other. Their laid back personas are also reflected again when they show concern when Kat runs out because they all turn around but none of them bother to chase after her.
The Set
The set is where the sequence is filmed in this particular clip the scene is set inside an English classroom
and they make it very evident by the camera positioning. Whenever they film an individual they make sure the notices on the wall that hint the room is an English classroom are still visible, for example when Mr Morgan is speaking to the class the paintings on the wall of famous writers such as John Steinbeck are very noticeable so you can tell where it is set. When Kat is reading her poem to the class they didn't immediately zoom into her face, they gradually zoomed in so you can still see she is in the classroom because of the folders and books in the background.
Costumes
The costumes used within a scene can be used to suggest a certain time period. In this clip the style of clothing suggests a very 90's styled look. Although it's set in a school they're not in uniform so even if you hadn't watched the full movie it would still suggest that they are American high school students.
Hair/Make-up
The hair and make-up in this scene is very simple and not over the top because it is set in a school so they have pretty much normal everyday hairstyles and the scene didn't require any sort of specialist make-up because of that same reason.
Lighting
Lighting can be used to enhance a characters importance in a movie or it could be used just to brighten
the surroundings in the set. Apart from the lighting of the set, there were no spotlights shining on any of the characters. The only lighting in the room are the lights in the classroom. As Kat speaks there is light above her head but there are no connotations to importance because it is just the lights in the room reflecting on her. Although that part of the scene is very important to the movie it would simply be very unnatural for a spotlight to be shinning on Kat as the class is a normal day to day setting and you wouldn't find a spotlight shinning on someone in a classroom.
Props
Props are objects actors use to help convey messages better and make the scenes seem more realistic, in the scene there are many props ranging from the book Kat reads the poem from to Joey's glasses.
Sound
Sound is a key feature in every movie, soundtracks can be used to add more tension and suspense to the scene or give a clear indication to how the atmosphere is within the scene even the absence of sound gives an effect.
In this clip the music in the establishing shot of the scene is non-diegetic because it is not music that the characters can hear, the music is quite upbeat and fits in well with the busy environment outside the school, as the shot changes there is a sound bridge because the music playing then continues at the beginning of the next scene but the music slowly fades out and then no background music is heard until Kat finishes reading her poem to the class. There is a slow song playing in the background as Kat walks off and the camera focus is on Patrick which makes the scene more emotional and helps the viewers understand how the characters are feeling, the song is also another example of a non-diegetic because it was a soundtrack and none of the characters can hear it.
There are some diegetic examples within this scene for example the teacher talking to the class, the sound of students in the class laughing, Kat opening her book and also the sound of Kat walking out of the classroom.
Editing
In this scene they start off by using a jump cut they jump from filming the school to a classroom
another editing technique they used was shot, reverse shot and this was when Mr Morgan was talking to Joey Donner telling him to remove his glasses. When Mr Morgan was searching for a volunteer instead of using a panning shot the director chose to use cuts to show the students in the class instead. There is a cut away after Kat has read the poem she remains standing in front of the class for a few seconds then they cut away to show Patrick Verona and then they cut back to Kat before she runs off.
Cinematography
Cinematography involves the camera angles used and the camera movements within the scene.
The directors zoomed in on all the main characters at different points within the scene, the close up of the characters gives the audience a better understanding of the characters emotions and feelings at the time. In this scene tracking shots are used as Kat stands in front of the class reading the poem they slowly move closer and then zoom in as she is meant to be the center of attention. They also use a lot of mid shots and close ups because the characters emotions are the main focuses in the clip. There is a wide shot right at the start to establish the scene. There are a few long shots also used so that the scenery is also captured. Mr Morgan is shot from a low angle as he tells Joey to remove his glasses which could enhance the fact that Mr Morgan is the authoritative figure.
Macro Analysis
Genre
The genre is the theme of the movie and this is one of the first aspects you look at when watching the movie or clip, by knowing what genre the movie is it helps your understanding on whats going on or what could happen. In the scene I've chosen you can tell that the Genre of the movie is a romantic comedy because of the Micro aspects.
Narrative
The narrative is the storyline within the movie, in this movie the storyline is based on one of Shakespeare's plays 'Taming of the Shrew'
Representation
The representation is a summary of what all the aspects of the movie or scene imply such as how the sound may give us the impression that there is a sense of sadness that is the same way all the other features build up an assumption on what they all individually or collectively represent.
Audience
The audience are simply the people a particular type of movie would interest, the target audience are usually considered whilst creating the plot. In this clip and throughout the entire movie there is a lot of comedy, romance and drama which makes it clear that the audience is set for teenagers who are roughly the same age as the characters because they are the most likely to relate to situations that exist in the movie but maybe not to the same extent.
Shot Types are the different Shot Angles and Sizes directors and photographers use when filming or taking pictures. Shot angles are the angles in which they take the picture or shoot a scene, the angles are used to add effect.
Low Angle
Low angled shots are sometimes used to reinforce the characters level of power, if the scene is shot from a low angle it usually shows that they are of more importance and they are powerful in comparison to someone who may be standing opposite them or to the surroundings in general.
High Angle
High angled shots are sometimes used to show the opposite, to show that the characters power cannot compare to the person standing on the opposite side for example there could be a shot where a bully might be picking on a little kid and they film the little boy from a high angle to show from the bullies point of view the kid is nowhere near as powerful as he is.
Eye Level
Eye level shots are often used to capture clear emotion for instance if a character has a tear in their eye and it isn't evident from the angle its being filmed at then it is best to get a shot at eye level so that the emotions are evident.
Worms Eye View
Just like the low angle Worms eye view is used to make things look taller and also mightier.
Cantered Shot
Cantered shots are usually used in horror movies and sometimes music videos to show the audience exactly what they can see in their view.
Birds Eye View
Birds eye view is commonly used in action movies when there are police chases or helicopters flying overhead they usually switch to show the birds eye view of everything.
Over the Shoulder Shot
This is typically used during a conversation between two that are opposite each other.
Wide Shot/Establishing Shot
A film director might decide to film an opening with a long shot to show the surrounding area because that is a place where viewers need to familiarize with throughout the movie. It can also be used to capture a scene where several people who are quite distant are having a conversation.
Shot sizes are the distance at which the shots are taken which are also used to create effect
Extreme Long Shot
Just like wide shots they can be used to show the surroundings or even to add suspense for example they may have an extreme long shot then all of a sudden they could scare the viewers by zooming in for a close up.
Long Shot
This could be used to show a vague idea of what is going on in the background.
Mid Shot
This is used when the director or photographer wants to include the actors facial expression as well as their body language.
Close Up
Close ups draw the audiences focus onto specific details you may not have noticed or been able to see previously.
Extreme Close Up
Extreme close ups are just like eye level shots they are usually used to capture emotions or show better detail of a person or object.
.JPG)
.JPG)